impact of consequentialism in healthcare impact of consequentialism in healthcare

(Feiser) Consequentialism says that the consequences of an action are all that matter when taking an ethical decision to act. Bahrampour T. Can your face reveal how long youll live? Wellcome TrustFunded Monographs and Book Chapters. Stud Health Technol Inform. Before Accessibility This chapter discusses consequentialism. John Stuart Mill, one of the foremost Utilitarian moral theorists, sums up Utilitarianism as follows: "actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness." 80 Any account of Utilitarianism will have two central tenets. 497 - 516. Perhaps it can in some way be quantified, so that if carrying out some act would damage the integrity of the individual so grievously that the maximum utility could be reached only if they failed to act, then not acting would be the right thing to do. Int J Lang Commun Disord. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging. Broader influence of FRT. Basel-Vanagaite L, Wolf L, Orin M, et al. 2021 Sep 17;18(18):9786. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189786. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. Equality is certainly one of the key principles behind Utilitarian philosophy. The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. An official website of the United States government. It is frequently maintained that an exclusively consequentialist morality uniquely possesses certain advantages; I shall argue that the case for the superiority of consequentialism has yet to be made out. But as previously stated, war and the strife and chaos that comes with it are undesirable; however, in this particular circumstance something that may be bad as war can be said to be a for a good cause. Published April 25, 2018. VAD can have numerous negative health effects such as dryness of the eye that can lead to blindness if untreated, reduced immune system response, and an increase in the severity and mortality risk of infections. Decision-making; ethics of care; interprofessional working; moral dissonance; moral distress; nursepatient relationships; professional ethics; qualitative research; virtue ethics. The site is secure. To identify the contribution made by nurses in achieving the resolution of ethical dilemmas in practice. Nurs Ethics. Biom Technol Today. How Should Clinicians Communicate With Patients About the Roles of Artificially Intelligent Team Members? Ethical decision making in nurses. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. 2. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. Copyright 2023 American Medical Association. Consequentialism teaches that people should do whatever produces the greatest amount of good consequences. April 11, 2017. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/. Many utilitarians take a hedonistic approach, saying that utility equates to happiness, so we should act to produce the greatest happiness, and to minimize pain and unhappiness. To this objection, the consequentialist can protest that alienation can be a virtue. No one desires the strife of war in life, but it is sometimes necessary and morally justified to engage in war. One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in But if telling a lie would help save a person's life, consequentialism says it's the right thing to do. National Library of Medicine Whilst the drowning child example seems to support the existence of negative responsibility, it differs in that there are no commitments or beliefs preventing us from saving the child. The oppressor, obviously, retaliates with ever more repressive measures to crush the minority by force. An objective measure of whether something is good or bad, and by how much. The .gov means its official. Particularly in Italy, where the death toll and strain on hospitals has reached a critical point, there is a policy now to prioritise treating younger patients and healthcare workers. What are the relative advantages and disadvantages of each in addressing moral dilemmas in medical cases? 5 Health Care Ethics - Critical Issues for the 21st Century; Eileen E. Morrison ; About the . The .gov means its official. Shakya S, Sharma S, Basnet A. The first ethical theory we will look at more closely is consequentialism. In one moment Jim goes from being a tourist in a foreign country to becoming a murderer for the sake of morality. Is a theory of moral obligation their proponent puts it forth as a framework within which a person can correctly determine, on any given occasion, what he or she (morally) ought to do [ 2 ]. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In order to meet these challenges effectively, we need to identify how nurses contribute the resolution of these dilemmas. This is not the greatest amount of happiness for the moral agent but the greatest amount of happiness overall - this is known as the greatest happiness principle. Clinical Informatics News. The issue here is that the advantages cannot balance out the likelihood of harm that would exist at the end of the day. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. Consequentialism is an attractive ethical approach because it provides clear and practical guidance at least in situations where outcomes are easy to predict. Tunkelang D. Ten things everyone should know about machine learning. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal No other adults or swimmers are anywhere to be seen, so without your help the child will drown. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub L No. For consequentialism this is not a problem, as the individual is just a mechanism for maximising overall happiness; they are instrumental. The question that concerns me, is, to what extent is a normative theory, consequentialism in particular, constrained by requirements that stem from Forbes. It is one of the main causes of preventable blindness in young children from developing countries. Why facial recognition is the future of diagnostics. Consequentialism is the position that morality is determined by the outcome of good or bad consequences caused by a person's actions. A few states, such as Illinois, have regulations that limit uses for which consumer biometric data can be collected.36 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) governs handling of patients health records and personal health information and includes privacy protections for personally identifiable information. MeSH Closed loop deep brain stimulation for PTSD, addiction, and disorders of affective facial interpretation: review and discussion of potential biomarkers and stimulation paradigms. Epub 2022 Apr 9. Participants were recruited from all settings working with patients of any age and any diagnosis. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. This is the basis of duty based ethics, also known as deontology, which we will turn our attention to in the next post. One World Identity. Even if nobody would be hurt, our speeding laws mean less people are harmed overall. The theory is also impartial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Federal Privacy Protections: Ethical Foundations, Sources of Confusion in Clinical Medicine, and Controversies in Biomedical Research, Mary Anderlik Majumder, JD, PhD and Christi J. Guerrini, JD. In broad terms, a hedonist is someone who tries to maximise pleasure and minimise pain. Learn more in our Cookie Policy. Face recognition methods and applications. Accessed July 17, 2018. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Senior Lecturer/ Researcher Anglia Ruskin University UK/ SAMs TT. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. _____ ethics looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions. Consequentialism From a consequentialist position the question of whether it is wrong to breach confidentiality is determined by the consequences of the breach. The relatively small, single-site sample may not account for the effects of organisational culture on the results; the findings suggested that professional relationships were key to resolving ethical dilemmas. Handb Clin Neurol. 14,15 Another major area for FRT applications in health care is patient identification and monitoring, such . Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. I discuss this possibility briefly, and then set it aside. Click here to review the details. Many forms of consequentialism have been proposed that attempt to deal with the issue of comparing moral value. Some statutes that protect health information might not apply to FRT. March 2018. https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b. Published November 9, 2017. For instance, most people would agree that lying is wrong. 2016;2016(5):2-3. Furthermore, whilst the consequentialist can agree that the individual agents integrity should not be ignored, as Williams explains, (h)is own substantial projects and commitments come into it, but only as one lot among others. (Ethics, 1994) As our integrity is one among many others and consequentialism expects us all to take an impersonal standpoint, it would follow that everyone would need to disregard their personal commitments, which is likely to lead in turn to overall unhappiness, a problem for a moral theory with hedonistic tendencies. Ethical theories (1) The correct moral decision or response is made by: Consequentialism: considering the outcomes, or consequences, of the act, NOT its intentions or motives. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Philos Public Aff. J Adv Nurs. He even developed a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the felicific calculus. An interpretive exploratory study was undertaken, 11 registered acute care nurses working in a district general hospital in England were interviewed, using semi-structured interviews. More specifically, it protects the privacy of biometric data, including full-face photographs and any comparable images, which are directly related to an individual.37 Thus, facial images used for FRT health applications would be protected by HIPAA.38 Entities covered by HIPAA, including health care organizations, clinicians, and third-party business associates, would need to comply with HIPAA regulations regarding the use and disclosure of protected health information.38 However, clinicians should advise patients that there may be limited protections for storing and sharing data when using a consumer FRT tool. One doctor speaking to the Business Insider claimed: "If you had, let's say, an ICU that was overwhelmed, you're probably going to try and give some extra attention to healthcare workers because you need them to deliver care," he said. Bina RW, Langevin JP. Wicklund E. EHR provider touts mHealth access by Apples facial recognition app. Putting ethics at the centre of everyday life. Nurs Ethics. In: Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law. He is likely to have his own commitments in which murder (rather than letting others die) would go against his most fundamental beliefs. For a theory often touted as promoting happiness, this is a problem. http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.0485. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. MIT Technology Review. Consequentialism is sometimes criticized because it can be difficult, or even impossible, to know what the result of an action will be ahead of time. Join us! Even if the damage to Jims integrity is taken into account, there is another problem: the consequentialist would regard Jims killing another person not merely as preferable, but as morally required. Core values versus common sense: consequentialist views appear less rooted in morality. December 9, 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php. What Are Important Ethical Implications of Using Facial Recognition Technology in Health Care? Mack H. FDNA launches app-based tool for clinicians using facial recognition, AI and genetic big data to improve rare disease diagnosis and treatment. Julian Savulescu and Dominic Wilkinson 2019. What matters in this example is saving the highest number of lives, and how this is attained is unimportant. Consequentialism Deontology (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman . On the other, FRT medication adherence monitoring might not be sufficiently effective in improving adherence to outweigh the risk of undermining trust in the patient-physician relationship.42. Consequentialism in scenario. and transmitted securely. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. This document is part of a series of papers intended to introduce Get the latest inspiration, intelligence, events & more. Some consequentialists even argue that alienation is necessary for social progress. Although there are references to this idea in the works of ancient philosopherEpicurus, its closely associated with English philosopherJeremy Bentham. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 8600 Rockville Pike The SlideShare family just got bigger. Instead, Mill believed we should figure out which set of rules would create the most happiness over an extended period of time and then apply those in every situation. One famous way of putting this is 'the greatest good for the greatest number of people'.. Some machine learning systems need continuous data input to train and improve the algorithms22 in a process that could be analogized to quality improvement research, for which informed consent is not regarded as necessary.23 For example, to improve its algorithms, FRT for genetic diagnosis would need to receive new data sets of images of patients already known to have specific genetic disorders.2 To maintain trust and transparency with patients, organizations should consider involving relevant community stakeholders in implementing FRT and in decisions about establishing and improving practices of informing patients about the organizations use of FRT. Epub 2011 Dec 6. FRT raises novel challenges regarding privacy. Benthams theory of utilitarianism focussed on which actions were most likely to make people happy. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! This was his theory of rule utilitarianism. If Jim accepts, then as a special mark of the occasion, the other Indians will be let off. According to non-consequentialism, the rightness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences. One recent example that gained notoriety was an FRT system used to identify gay men from a set of photos that may have simply identified the kind of grooming and dress habits stereotypically associated with gay men.30 The developers of this FRT system did not intend it to be used for a clinical purpose but rather to illustrate how bias can influence FRT findings.30, Thankfully, potential solutions for addressing bias in FRT systems exist. Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant. March 21, 2017. http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data. Does the pain that Jim would feel not need to be taken into account when looking at the best overall outcome? One of the consequences of a breach of confidentiality could be that the patient will lose trust in his/her doctor, and perhaps doctors generally, resulting in him/her not accessing healthcare in the future with a detrimental effect on his/her (and others?) Utilitarianism is a moral theory, which works as a form of consequentialism helps individuals to assess whether an action is good or bad. The site is secure. As with any new health technology, careful attention should be paid to the accuracy and validity of FRT used in health care applications as well as to informed consent and reporting incidental findings to patients. AWB. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. There are rewards if you do something good, and there are repercussions if you do something wrong. Bookshelf The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or hedonistic) utilitarianism, which asserts that an action is right or wrong according to whether it maximizes the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. How could we have speeding laws, for example, if it would sometimes be ethical to break the speed limit? There are several varieties of utilitarianism. As there is a buzz of chatter and activity presently in Trinidad and Tobago's ' gangland' one cannot dismiss the propensity of consequentialism surfacing. Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Nurses require the skills to develop and maintain professional relationships for addressing ethical dilemmas and to engage with political and organisational macro- and micro-decision-making. This basic form of consequentialism holds an action as ethical if and only if it produces more beneficial/pleasure-causing outcomes than negative/pain-causing ones. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. Development of a computer-aided tool for the pattern recognition of facial features in diagnosing Turner syndrome: comparison of diagnostic accuracy with clinical workers. The standardized definition of Utilitarianism is that actions are defined as being "right" or "correct" based on the ability it has to promote happiness. . One way is by using ethical concepts to shed light on everyday practice. 2022 Jan 6;10(1):12. doi: 10.3390/pharmacy10010012. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Given its insistence on summing the benefits and harms of all people, utilitarianism asks us to look beyond self-interest to consider impartially the interests of all persons affected by our actions. utilitarianism could be seen as a radically egalitarian philosophy. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . As consequentialism only looks at the consequences it allows for negative responsibility; that is, being held morally accountable not for some action, but for failing to act to prevent bad things happening. Accessed May 24, 2018. What matters is not so much the horrific act in itself but the outcome of that act. Deontology: sticking to your obligations and duties, so focusing on intentions rather than the outcomes of actions. Robert M. Taylor, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Deontology. government site. Researchers flag up facial recognition racial bias [news]. 2020 Feb;27(1):258-272. doi: 10.1177/0969733019832941. This is because all things being equal they will live longer and may contribute more to society over a longer period of time. Brostoff G. 3D facial recognition gives healthcare data a new look. In other words, the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or welfare. In response to criticism of the unappealing idea that by doing nothing Jim is as responsible for the deaths of the twenty Indians as the captain, the consequentialist can choose to bite the bullet by accepting the idea of negative responsibility; that is, to accept that we can be held morally responsible for not acting. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. Accessed October 26, 2018. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Before Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. Indeed, many It emphasises four key ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice, which are shared by most ethical theories, and blends these with virtues and practical wisdom. If happiness was the experience of pleasure without pain, the most ethical actions were ones that caused the most possible happiness and the least possible pain. Data Lab. Moral distress was also evident in the literature and findings, with moral dissonance recognised and articulated by more experienced nurses. 01 December 2016. Computer-based recognition of dysmorphic faces. If consequentialism is to take a hedonistic approach that we should act so as to maximise overall happiness then it results in a contradiction. However, since Jim is an honoured visitor from another land, the captain is happy to offer him a guests privilege of killing one of the Indians himself. A novel approach to the detection of acromegaly: accuracy of diagnosis by automatic face classification. Reimagining Medical Education in the Age of AI, Steven A. Wartman, MD, PhD and C. Donald Combs, PhD. consequentialism can give us an account of responsibility. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. This makes consequentialist theories very demanding on the agent involved. The consequentialist could retort that in calculating what course of action is right, the individuals integrity can be taken into account. In-depth content analysis of the data was undertaken via NVivo coding and thematic identification. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Chen S, Pan ZX, Zhu HJ, et al. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. New York, NY: New York University Press; 2011. Consumerism in healthcare is not merely about supporting hospitals, insurance companies and other businesses. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. However, despite these efforts, the oppressing side ignores the foreign powers efforts. According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. Accessed March 28, 2017. It is a problem that consequentialism forces us to take an impersonal, objective view of situations and override some of our most cherished beliefs because of its requirement that we focus exclusively on the final result. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. However, having evolved from a set of Christian values and principles, it retains certain deontological characteristics. 2005 Dec;31(12):739-42. doi: 10.1136/jme.2005.011908. Aggregative Consequentialism = which consequences are best is some function of the values of parts of those consequences (as opposed to rankings of whole worlds or sets of consequences). Q: Roe v. Wade may soon be overturned by the Supreme Court, while at the same time other countries are loosening restrictions around abortion rights. Is it okay to do bad things for a good cause? Utilitarianism in Public Health January 2016 . Philos Ethics Humanit Med. Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . The author(s) had no conflicts of interest to disclose. health. PMC health ethics. The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act. PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontology 1. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. Use of facial recognition technology for medical purposes: balancing privacy with innovation. September 6, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning. How can we perceive and address ethical challenges in public health practice and policy? When making ethical decisions within healthcare, the patients must have a clear channel of communication between the health care provider and the patient, as without this the patients wished cannot be taken into consideration. Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. Stephen ID, Hiew V, Coetzee V, Tiddeman BP, Perrett DI. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. According to consequentialism, you should always strive to bring about good consequences, rather than simply obeying an arbitrary set of ethical rules. Aims: The best-known consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism, which says that the wrongness or rightness of an action depends on the amount of overall good or utility that is produced. Utilitarianism would permit a doctor to allow Patient A to die and for their organs to be used to save the lives of the other five patients.